J Biomech Eng 130:051011Д¬ebral JR, Putman CM, Alley MT, Hope T, Bammer R, Calamante F (2009) Hemodynamics in normal cerebral arteries: qualitative comparison of 4D phase-contrast magnetic resonance and image-based computational fluid dynamics. Rayz VL, Boussel L, Acevedo-Bolton G, Martin AJ, Young WL, Lawton MT, Higashida R, Saloner D (2008) Numerical simulations of flow in cerebral aneurysms: comparison of CFD results and in vivo MRI measurements. Rayz VL, Boussel L, Lawton MT, Acevedo-Bolton G, Ge L, Young WL, Higashida RT, Saloner D (2008) Numerical modeling of the flow in intracranial aneurysms: prediction of regions prone to thrombus formation. Vorp DA, Raghavan ML, Webster MW (1998) Mechanical wall stress in abdominal aortic aneurysm: influence of diameter and asymmetry. Raghavan ML, Vorp DA, Federle MP, Makaroun MS, Webster MW (2000) Wall stress distribution on three-dimensionally reconstructed models of human abdominal aortic aneurysm. Teutelink A, Cancrinus E, van de Heuvel D, Moll F, de Vries JP (2012) Preliminary intraobserver and interobserver variability in wall stress and rupture risk assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysms using a semiautomatic finite element model. Venkatasubramaniam AK, Fagan MJ, Mehta T, Mylankal KJ, Ray B, Kuhan G, Chetter IC, McCollum PT (2004) A comparative study of aortic wall stress using finite element analysis for ruptured and non-ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Gimbrone MA Jr, Anderson KR, Topper JN (1999) The critical role of mechanical forces in blood vessel development, physiology and pathology. SimГЈo da Silva E, Rodrigues AJ, Castro MagalhГЈes, de Tolosa E, Rodrigues CJ, Boas Villas, do Prado G, Nakamoto JC (2000) Morphology and diameter of infrarenal aortic aneurysms: a prospective autopsy study. Wolinsky H (1972) Long-term effects of hypertension on the rat aortic wall and their relation to concurrent aging changes: morphological and chemical studies. These findings indicate that areas of constant peaked oscillatory shear stress in the infra-renal aorta may be one of the factors that lead to morphological changes over time, even in healthy individuals.Д¬haikof EL, Brewster DC, Dalman RL, Makaroun MS, Illig KA, Sicard GA, Timaran CH, Upchurch GR, Veith FJ, Society for Vascular Surgery (2009) The care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: the Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines. All subjects were found to have elevated OSI in regions where AAAs commonly occur. The OSI peaked distal to the renal arteries at the posterior wall of the abdominal aorta of 0.249В В±В 0.148, and was constantly elevated in the whole abdominal aorta at more than 0.14. While time-framed WSS showed the highest peak of 1.14В В±В 0.25В Pa in the juxtaposition of the renal artery, the WSS plateaued to 0.61В Pa at the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta. Information on specific locations on the aortic wall was applied to the flow encodes to calculate wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI). Flow-sensitive four-dimensional MR imaging of the abdominal aorta, with three-directional velocity encoding, including simple morphological image acquisition, was performed. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed with electrocardiographic triggering. Eight healthy male volunteers were enrolled in this prospective study, aged from 24 to 27. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that even healthy volunteers may manifest specific flow characteristics of blood flow and alter wall shear or oscillatory shear stress in the areas where AAAs commonly develop. Although abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) occur mostly inferior to the renal artery, the mechanism of the development of AAA in relation to its specific location is not yet clearly understood.

Wall shear stress paraview